nkhani

Polyethyleneimine(PEI mwachidule), yokhala ndi nambala ya CAS ya 9002-98-6, ndi polima ya cationic yosungunuka m'madzi. Mbali yake yayikulu ndi yakuti unyolo wake wa mamolekyu uli ndi magulu ambiri a amino (ma amine oyambira, ma amine achiwiri, ndi ma amine atatu). Kapangidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira mphamvu yake ya alkalinity, reactivity yapamwamba, komanso mphamvu zake zapadera za physicochemical. Polyethyleneimine ili ndi phindu losasinthika logwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo angapo.

I. Chidziwitso Choyambira: Kapangidwe ndi Kugawa

1. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala

Gawo lobwerezabwereza la PEI ndi -CH₂CH₂NH-, ndipo magulu a amino omwe ali pa unyolo wake wa mamolekyulu amapatsa mphamvu zamphamvu za cationic (pKa≈10) - ngakhale pansi pa zinthu zopanda asidi kapena zofooka, magulu a amino amatha kukhala protonated (-NH₂→-NH₃⁺), yomwe ndi gwero lalikulu la kusungunuka kwa madzi, kuthekera kophatikizana ndi madzi komanso kulowetsedwa kwa pamwamba.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, amagawidwa m'magulu awiri:

Linear polyethyleineimine (L-PEI): Unyolo wa mamolekyu ndi wolunjika, ndipo ma amine achiwiri ndi gulu lalikulu la amino (pafupifupi 90%), ndipo chiwerengero cha ma amine oyambira ndi atatu ndi chochepa. Kugawa kwa mamolekyu ndi kochepa, ndipo kuyera kwake ndi kwakukulu.

Branched polyethyleinemine (B-PEI): Unyolo wa mamolekyu uli ndi unyolo wambiri wa m'mbali, wokhala ndi gawo loyenera la ma amine oyambira (≈25%), ma amine achiwiri (≈50%), ndi ma amine achitatu (≈25%), ndipo uli ndi reactivity yapamwamba. Ndiwo mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale.

2. Makhalidwe ofunikira a thupi

II. Zinthu Zazikulu: Nchifukwa Chiyani PEI Imagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kwambiri?

Mphamvu yamphamvu ya cationic ndi kuthekera kophatikizana: Gulu la amino pambuyo pa protonation limakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino ndipo limatha kupanga ma complexes okhazikika okhala ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi mphamvu yoipa (monga DNA, RNA, utoto wa anionic, dongo, ndi ma ayoni achitsulo), yomwe ndi njira yayikulu yogwirira ntchito yake popereka majini, kuchiza madzi, komanso kulowetsedwa kwachitsulo.

Kuyankha kwakukulu: Magulu a amino (makamaka ma amine oyambira) amatha kutenga nawo mbali pazochita zosiyanasiyana (monga Michael addition, epoxy ring-opening, acylation, crosslinking reactions), ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati othandizira crosslinking ndi modifier kuti agwire ntchito pamwamba pa zinthuzo.

Kusungunuka kwa madzi ndi kupanga filimu: Kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kukonza. Pambuyo pouma, imatha kupanga filimu yolimba, ndipo filimuyo imakhala ndi mphamvu zina zomatira komanso zotchinga.

Kuchuluka kwa alkalinity: Kuchuluka kwa magulu a amino mu molekyulu kumapangitsa kuti yankho lake lamadzi likhale la alkali kwambiri (pH≈10 mpaka 12), ndipo limatha kuchita zinthu zosagwirizana ndi acid.

Iii.Kodi polyethylenimine imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji(Yasankhidwa ndi Demand Scenarios

1. Gawo la zamankhwala (Chigawo Chachikulu: Ma vector operekera majini

PEI ndi imodzi mwa ma vector a majini omwe si a kachilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano:

Mfundo yaikulu ya Cationic PEI ndi anionic DNA/RNA zimapanga "PEI-nucleic acid complex" kudzera mu electrostatic interaction, zomwe sizimangoteteza nucleic acids kuti zisawonongeke ndi nucleases komanso zimawathandiza kulowa m'maselo kudzera mu endocytosis. Komanso, "proton sponge effect" ya PEI (yomwe imayamwa ma proton mkati mwa selo pambuyo pa protonation) Kuyambitsa kuphulika kwa vesicle kungathandize kutulutsidwa kwa nucleic acids mu cytoplasm;

Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Chithandizo cha majini (monga kuperekedwa kwa majini a zotupa ndi matenda a majini), kuperekedwa kwa katemera wa nucleic acid, kuyesa kwa maselo (chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu PEI transfection reagent m'ma laboratories);

Dziwani: PEI yolemera kwambiri ya mamolekyulu ili ndi poizoni wambiri. Pakadali pano, PEI yosinthidwa ya poizoni wotsika (monga PEI yosinthidwa ya peG ndi nanoparticles za PEI zolumikizidwa) zapangidwa.

2. Malo oyeretsera madzi (Chigawo Chachikulu: Flocculants, Adsorbents)

Flocculant: Katundu wa cationic waPolyethylenemine PEIimatha kuletsa tinthu tomwe timayimitsidwa m'madzi (monga mchenga, zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi mabakiteriya), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu timeneti tigwirizane ndikukhazikika. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi akumwa komanso poyeretsa madzi otayidwa m'mafakitale (monga kusindikiza ndi kupukuta, kupanga madzi otayidwa pamapepala), makamaka yoyenera kuyeretsa madzi otayidwa okhala ndi dothi lochuluka komanso zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe.

Adsorbent Gulu la amino la Polyethylenimine PEI limatha kupanga ma coordination bonds ndi heavy metal ion (monga Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Pb²⁺), ndipo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa zitsulo zolemera m'madzi otayidwa a mafakitale. Lingapangidwenso kukhala zinthu zosinthira za polyethylenimine (monga PEI-activated carbon, PEI-nanofibers) kuti liwonjezere mphamvu ya adsorption.

3. Kusintha kwa pamwamba pa zinthu (Chigawo Chachikulu: Kusintha kwa Ntchito)

Kusintha kwa Pepala/Ulusi: Kukonza mapepala a polyethylenimine PEI kungawonjezere mphamvu yake yonyowa, kukana madzi komanso kusindikizidwa mosavuta (kudzera mu kulumikizana ndi magulu a hydroxyl pamwamba pa ulusi), ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala apadera (monga mapepala opakira, mapepala osefera).

Kukonza pamwamba pa chitsulo: Polyethylenimine imatha kupanga filimu yoteteza pamwamba pa chitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulocho chisagwe ndi dzimbiri, komanso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati cholimbikitsira zomatira pa zokutira zachitsulo.

Kusintha kwa zinthu za polima: PEI imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira kapena chogwirizanitsa kuti chiwongolere kugwirizana ndi kumamatira kwa ma polima (monga kusintha kwa polyurethane ndi epoxy resins), kapena kuwonjezera hydrophilicity ya zinthu (monga mafilimu a polyolefin osinthidwa ndi PEI).

4. Ntchito zina zamafakitale

Zomatira ndi zomatira: Gulu la amino la PEI limatha kuyanjana ndi aldehydes, isocyanates, ndi zina zotero, ndipo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chochiritsira zomatira zochokera m'madzi. Polyethylenimine imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomatira matabwa, mapepala, ndi chitsulo, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zomatira komanso imakana madzi.

Makampani opanga utoto ndi utoto: Polyethylenimine PEI ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera pa utoto wa cationic (makamaka popaka utoto wa ulusi wachilengedwe monga thonje ndi silika), kukulitsa kumamatira ndi kusambitsidwa kwa utoto; Polyethylenimine ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chosungunula utoto kuti zisawononge utoto.

Kutulutsa mafuta: PEI imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza madzi m'munda wamafuta (monga kutseka madzi ndi zinthu zowongolera mawonekedwe), kapena ngati chowonjezera chamadzi obowola kuti chikhale chokhazikika chamadzi obowola.

Mwa kusintha kulemera kwa mamolekyu (kulemera kochepa kwa mamolekyu, poizoni wochepa; kulemera kwakukulu kwa mamolekyu, ntchito yayikulu), kapangidwe (kolunjika motsutsana ndi nthambi), ndi njira zosinthira (peG-ylation, cross-linking, ndi compounding) yapolyethylenimine, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'magawo apamwamba (monga kupereka mankhwala ofunikira komanso zipangizo zapadera zogwirira ntchito) kungakulitsidwe.