nkhani

Mu makampani opanga mankhwala, pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zili ndi mayina ofanana kwambiri, zomwe ndi glyoxylic acid ndi glycolic acid. Nthawi zambiri anthu sangasiyanitse zinthuzi. Lero, tiyeni tiwone zinthu ziwirizi pamodzi. Glyoxylic acid ndi glycolic acid ndi zinthu ziwiri zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe. Kusiyana kwawo makamaka kuli mu kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu, makhalidwe a mankhwala, makhalidwe enieni ndi ntchito zake, motere:

Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka mamolekyulu ndi zosiyana

Uku ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi, komwe kumatsimikizira mwachindunji kusiyana kwa zinthu zina.

Glyoxylic acid

CAS 298-12-4, yokhala ndi fomula ya mankhwala C2H2O3 ndi fomula yomangira HOOC-CHO, ili ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito - gulu la carboxyl (-COOH) ndi gulu la aldehyde (-CHO), ndipo ili m'gulu la mankhwala a aldehyde acid.

Glycolic acid

CAS 79-14-1, yokhala ndi fomula ya mankhwala C2H4O3 ndi fomula yomangira HOOC-CH2OH, ili ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito - gulu la carboxyl (-COOH) ndi gulu la hydroxyl (-OH), ndipo ili m'gulu la mankhwala a α-hydroxy acid.

Ma formula a mamolekyu a awiriwa amasiyana ndi ma atomu awiri a haidrojeni (H2), ndipo kusiyana kwa magulu ogwira ntchito (gulu la aldehyde vs. gulu la hydroxyl) ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala

Kusiyana kwa magulu ogwira ntchito kumabweretsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mankhwala pakati pa awiriwa:

Makhalidwe aasidi wa glyoxylic(chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu a aldehyde):

Ili ndi mphamvu zochepetsera: gulu la aldehyde limasungunuka mosavuta ndipo limatha kuchita ngati galasi lasiliva ndi yankho la ammonia lasiliva, kuchitapo kanthu ndi copper hydroxide suspension yokonzedwa kumene kuti ipange njerwa yofiira (cuprous oxide), ndipo limathanso kusungunuka kukhala oxalic acid ndi ma oxidants monga potassium permanganate ndi hydrogen peroxide.

Magulu a Aldehyde amatha kuchita zinthu zina: mwachitsanzo, amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi haidrojeni kuti apange glycolic acid (uwu ndi mtundu wa ubale wosinthika pakati pa awiriwa).

Makhalidwe a glycolic acid (chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa magulu a hydroxyl):

Magulu a Hydroxyl ndi a nucleophilic: amatha kuchita ma intramolecular kapena intermolecular esterification reactions ndi magulu a carboxyl kuti apange ma cyclic esters kapena ma polyesters (monga polyglycolic acid, chinthu chowonongeka cha polymer).

Magulu a Hydroxyl amatha kusungunuka: komabe, vuto la kusungunuka ndi lalikulu kuposa magulu a aldehyde mu glyoxylic acid, ndipo oxidant wamphamvu (monga potassium dichromate) amafunika kuti asungunuke magulu a hydroxyl kukhala magulu a aldehyde kapena magulu a carboxyl.

Asidi wa gulu la carboxyl: Onse ali ndi magulu a carboxyl ndipo ndi acidic. Komabe, gulu la hydroxyl la glycolic acid lili ndi mphamvu yofooka yopereka ma elekitironi pa gulu la carboxyl, ndipo acidity yake ndi yofooka pang'ono kuposa ya glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).

Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a thupi

Mkhalidwe ndi kusungunuka:

Amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ndi zinthu zosungunulira zachilengedwe (monga ethanol), koma chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa polarity ya mamolekyulu, kusungunuka kwawo kumasiyana pang'ono (glyoxylic acid ili ndi polarity yamphamvu komanso kusungunuka pang'ono m'madzi).

Malo osungunuka

Kutentha kwa asidi wa glyoxylic ndi pafupifupi 98℃, pomwe kutentha kwa asidi wa glycolic ndi pafupifupi 78-79℃. Kusiyana kumeneku kumachokera ku mphamvu zapakati pa mamolekyulu (gulu la aldehyde la asidi wa glyoxylic lili ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yopangira ma hydrogen bond ndi gulu la carboxyl).

Ntchito zosiyanasiyana

Glyoxylic acid

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mumakampani opanga zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kupanga vanillin (zokometsera), allantoin (mankhwala othandizira kuchiritsa mabala), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (mankhwala othandizira kupha mabakiteriya), ndi zina zotero. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chowonjezera mu njira zamagetsi kapena mu zodzoladzola (pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zochepetsera komanso zoteteza ku mabakiteriya). Zosamalira tsitsi: Monga chosakaniza chowongolera, chimathandiza kukonza tsitsi lowonongeka ndikuwonjezera kunyezimira kwa tsitsi (chimafunika kuphatikizidwa ndi zosakaniza zina kuti muchepetse kukwiya).

Glycolic acid

Monga α-hydroxy acid (AHA), ntchito yake yaikulu imagwira ntchito makamaka pa zinthu zosamalira khungu. Imagwira ntchito ngati chosakaniza chochotsa mawanga (mwa kusungunula zinthu zolumikizira pakati pa stratum corneum ya khungu kuti ithandize kuchotsedwa kwa khungu lakufa), kukonza mavuto monga khungu louma ndi ziphuphu. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mumakampani opanga nsalu (monga choyeretsera), zotsukira (zochotsera mamba), komanso popanga mapulasitiki owonongeka (polyglycolic acid).

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi kumachokera ku magulu ogwira ntchito: glyoxylic acid ili ndi gulu la aldehyde (lokhala ndi mphamvu zochepetsera, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zachilengedwe), ndipo glycolic acid ili ndi gulu la hydroxyl (likhoza kuyesedwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito posamalira khungu ndi zinthu). Kuyambira kapangidwe kake mpaka chilengedwe mpaka kugwiritsidwa ntchito, zonse zimasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku.