Mumakampani opanga mankhwala, pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zili ndi mayina ofanana kwambiri, omwe ndi glyoxylic acid ndi glycolic acid. Nthawi zambiri anthu sangathe kuwasiyanitsa. Lero, tiyeni tione zinthu ziwirizi pamodzi. Glyoxylic acid ndi glycolic acid ndi mitundu iwiri ya organic yokhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pamapangidwe ndi katundu. Kusiyanitsa kwawo kumakhala mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyu, katundu wamankhwala, katundu wakuthupi ndi ntchito, motere:
Mapangidwe a maselo ndi mapangidwe ake ndi osiyana
Uku ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi, zomwe zimatsimikizira mwachindunji kusiyana kwa zinthu zina.
CAS 298-12-4, yokhala ndi mankhwala a C2H2O3 ndi ndondomeko ya HOOC-CHO, ili ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito - gulu la carboxyl (-COOH) ndi gulu la aldehyde (-CHO), ndipo ndi la aldehyde acid kalasi ya mankhwala.
CAS 79-14-1, yokhala ndi mankhwala C2H4O3 ndi ndondomeko ya HOOC-CH2OH, ili ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito - gulu la carboxyl (-COOH) ndi gulu la hydroxyl (-OH), ndipo liri m'gulu la α -hydroxy acid la mankhwala.
Mapangidwe a maselo a awiriwa amasiyana ndi maatomu awiri a haidrojeni (H2), ndipo kusiyana kwa magulu ogwira ntchito (gulu la aldehyde vs. hydroxyl gulu) ndilo kusiyana kwakukulu.
Zosiyanasiyana mankhwala katundu
Kusiyanasiyana kwamagulu ogwira ntchito kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala pakati pa awiriwa:
Makhalidwe aglyoxylic acid(chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu a aldehyde):
Lili ndi mphamvu zochepetsera mphamvu: gulu la aldehyde limapangidwa ndi okosijeni mosavuta ndipo limatha kukumana ndi galasi la siliva ndi yankho la silver ammonia, limachita ndi kuyimitsidwa mwatsopano kwa mkuwa wa hydroxide kuti mupange mpweya wofiyira wa njerwa (cuprous oxide), ndipo imathanso kukhala oxidized kukhala oxalic acid ndi okosijeni monga potassium permanganate ndi hydrogen peroxide.
Magulu a aldehyde amatha kuwonjezereka: mwachitsanzo, amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi haidrojeni kupanga glycolic acid (uwu ndi mtundu wa ubale wakusintha pakati pa awiriwo).
Makhalidwe a glycolic acid (chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magulu a hydroxyl):
Magulu a Hydroxyl ndi ma nucleophilic: amatha kulowa mu intramolecular kapena intermolecular esterification reaction ndi magulu a carboxyl kupanga ma cyclic esters kapena polyesters (monga polyglycolic acid, polima wowonongeka).
Magulu a Hydroxyl amatha kukhala oxidized: komabe, vuto la okosijeni ndilokwera kuposa magulu a aldehyde mu glyoxylic acid, ndipo oxidant yamphamvu (monga potassium dichromate) imafunika kuti oxidize magulu a hydroxyl kumagulu a aldehyde kapena magulu a carboxyl.
Kuchuluka kwa gulu la carboxyl: Onsewa ali ndi magulu a carboxyl ndipo ali acidic. Komabe, gulu la hydroxyl la glycolic acid lili ndi mphamvu yofooka yopereka ma elekitironi pa gulu la carboxyl, ndipo acidity yake ndi yofooka pang'ono kuposa ya glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi
State ndi solubility:
Amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ndi zosungunulira za polar (monga ethanol), koma chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mamolekyulu a polarity, zosungunuka zake ndizosiyana pang'ono (glyoxylic acid imakhala ndi polarity yamphamvu komanso kusungunuka pang'ono m'madzi).
Malo osungunuka
Malo osungunuka a glyoxylic acid ndi pafupifupi 98 ℃, pamene glycolic acid ndi pafupifupi 78-79 ℃. Kusiyanaku kumachokera ku mphamvu za intermolecular (gulu la aldehyde la glyoxylic acid lili ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka yopanga ma hydrogen ndi gulu la carboxyl).
Ntchito zosiyanasiyana
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga organic, monga kaphatikizidwe ka vanillin (flavoring), allantoin (mankhwala apakatikati olimbikitsa machiritso a bala), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (mankhwala ophatikizika), etc. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera muzothetsera za electroplating kapena muzodzola (kutenga ndi antioxidant katundu). Zopangira tsitsi: Monga chopangira chowongolera, zimathandizira kukonza zingwe zatsitsi zomwe zawonongeka ndikupangitsa tsitsi kukhala lonyezimira (liyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina kuti muchepetse kukwiya).
Monga α -hydroxy acid (AHA), ntchito yake yayikulu imakhala makamaka pankhani yamankhwala osamalira khungu. Imakhala ngati chopangira chotulutsa (mwa kusungunula zinthu zolumikizirana pakati pa stratum corneum ya khungu kulimbikitsa kukhetsa kwa khungu lakufa), kukonza zovuta monga khungu loyipa ndi ziphuphu zakumaso. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani opanga nsalu (monga bleaching agent), oyeretsa (pochotsa sikelo), komanso popanga mapulasitiki owonongeka (polyglycolic acid).
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pazigawo ziwirizi kumachokera kumagulu ogwira ntchito: glyoxylic acid ili ndi gulu la aldehyde (lokhala ndi mphamvu zochepetsera zolimba, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu organic synthesis), ndipo glycolic acid ili ndi gulu la hydroxyl (likhoza kukhala esterified, kugwiritsidwa ntchito posamalira khungu ndi minda ya zipangizo). Kuchokera ku chilengedwe kupita ku chilengedwe ndikugwiritsanso ntchito, onse amasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-11-2025